建立山水林田湖草一体化国家公园的机遇分析

指出了推动山水林田湖草一体化国家公园建设,对于我国生态文明建设理论与实践具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。近年来,国家公园建设取得显著成效和积极进展,但同时我国国家公园仍面临诸多问题与挑战,如环境资源保护及人地关系矛盾突出、景区划分混乱及配套设置薄弱、生态保护及自我保护意识薄弱、治理机制不严格等。特别是目前我国新型冠状病毒疫情的爆发,更是反映出我国国民对于生态保护及自我保护意识的薄弱问题。为此,提出了通过签订保护地役权、分区建设、多方合作、联合发展及完善治理体系等四大措施积极推动我国山水林田湖草一体化国家公园体制建设。     

滇池底泥菌类组成及与污染关系的研究

通过对滇池不同位点底泥样品的分析，调查了滇池底泥中固氮菌类、硝化菌类及其他菌类的数量及分布状况。分析了这些细菌参与氮循环与滇池富营养化之间的关系，得出可用底泥中固氮菌作为滇池污染参考指示菌株和滇池地质条件，以及菌类微生物的分布变化对滇池富营养化具重要影响的结论。     

洞庭湖洲滩杨树人工林对钉螺孳生的影响

为探讨修枝强度、林农间种、异龄林等因素对洞庭湖洲滩钉螺孳生的影响,对拐棍洲有螺滩地杨树人工林的螺情分布进行了长期定点调查。结果表明:4年生杨树林,修枝次年林分内的活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于修枝当年,其中1/3修枝强度次年林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度较修枝当年分别降低了68.00%和80.80%。林农间种的杨树林较翻耕不种和不耕不种的杨树林抑螺效应显著,翻耕而不间种的杨树林,活螺框出现率与不耕不种的1年生杨树林一样,但活螺密度却较不耕不种下降了47.20%。异龄林营造后,活螺密度大致呈下降趋势,营造后的第2、3、4年时活螺框出现率、活螺密度分布较营造当年下降73.33%、50.00%、77.67%和75.96%、43.94%、83.85%。林分郁闭后,全面翻垦的林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度均比不翻垦的林分低直至趋于零。除了高程(32.64m)较高的林分外,其他高程全耕不种林分内活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于全垦间种。     

滇西北4个高原湖泊演变特征及其驱动因子

基于纳帕海、属都湖、碧塔海和剑湖4个高原湖泊矢量数据,利用Arc Map 10、Fragstats 3.3、Excel等软件,系统分析了1955~2012年4个高原湖泊水域面积和形状的时空演变规律及其驱动因子。结果表明,(1)湖泊时空演变规律各异。纳帕海水域面积和形状复杂程度都处于无规律的波动变化过程中。属都湖水域面积和形状复杂程度1955~1994年都处于增加状态,1994~2011年保持不变。碧塔海水域面积和形状复杂程度没有发生变化。剑湖水域面积1957~2012年呈减少趋势,形状复杂程度呈增加趋势。(2)时空变化程度各不相同。4个高原湖泊时空变化程度从大到小的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。(3)演变驱动因子不尽一致。纳帕海的驱动因子主要为疏浚落水洞、建闸控水、泥沙淤积、改造河道、气候变化、湖水污染和旅游干扰。剑湖的驱动因子主要为疏浚河道、泥沙淤积、湖滩开发、建闸控水、气候变化和湖水污染。属都湖的驱动因子主要为筑坝蓄水。人为干扰和气候变化没有导致碧塔海湖泊的变化。(4)受人为干扰程度有差异。4个高原湖泊受人为干扰程度由重到轻的排序为纳帕海﹥剑湖﹥属都湖﹥碧塔海。     

油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜播种作业工序复杂、效率低的问题,设计了一种油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机,可实现开畦沟、浅旋灭茬、油菜精量播种、种床覆土等功能。分析确定了整机基本结构和工作过程,对液压折叠机构进行了运动学和动力学分析,利用Matlab软件确定了液压缸结构参数以及承受的最大负载,基于拖拉机液压油路设计了液压折叠控制系统;根据开畦沟深度、宽度、耕深、覆土均匀性等作业要求,确定了刀轴转速为360～480 r/min,开沟刀、浅旋刀辊旋转半径分别为320、175 mm,开沟刀盘开沟刀数量为8;分析了分土导流板结构参数的取值范围,应用EDEM软件开展了分土导流板不同结构参数组合下的覆土均匀性正交试验,建立了覆土均匀性与分土导流板安装距离、导流板长度和分土板角度的回归数学模型,试验结果表明,当分土导流板安装距离为200 mm、导向板长度为600 mm、分土板角度为60°时,覆土均匀性可达93.33%。田间试验结果表明,当机组前进速度为3.6 km/h、畦沟深度为150 mm、刀轴转速为480 r/min时,油菜宽幅折叠式浅旋精量联合直播机作业后种床碎土率为91.62%,秸秆埋覆率为9...     

宁夏重点湖泊生态健康评价与修复对策研究

针对宁夏湖泊湿地生态环境退化的问题,以宁夏重点湖泊为对象,利用多指标体系评价法,建立宁夏湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,采用湖泊综合评判方法,对宁夏重点湖泊进行生态健康评价,评价结果显示沙湖、星海湖、阅海、腾格里湖为亚健康状态,鸣翠湖和宝湖为健康状态。同时根据各湖泊湿地生态系统健康评价的结果,分析各湖泊存在的主要问题,有针对性地提出各湖泊的管理建议,为湖泊管理者提供依据。     

Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

赛里木湖高白鲑和凹目白鲑肌肉、卵的营养分析评价

2003年作对赛里木湖高白鲑和凹日白鲑肌肉、卵的营养成分进行测定。结果表明：高白鲑和凹目白鲑肌肉蛋白质含量分别为18．83％和19．78％(鲜重)；肌肉脂肪含量分别为13．75％和10．40％；氨基酸总量分别为17．48％和17．71％，其中必需氨基酸含量分别为9．16％和9．24％，占氨基酸总量的52．40％和52．17％；高度不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的16．08％和22．73％。高白鲑和凹目白鲑卵的蛋白质含量分别为24．16％和24．48％。     

Fish species richness in lakes of the northeastern lowlands in Germany

Fish species richness was assessed by electrofishing and gillnetting in 16 lakes of the northeastern lowland in Germany (the Schorfheide biosphere reserve). The lakes range from 0.03 to 10.55 km² and support between 5 and 14 fish species. Species richness is significantly correlated with lake area in an exponential and a power model. Richness is also correlated with shoreline development and total dissolved solids. This supports the hypothesis that larger areas contain more species within a taxonomic group due to increased habitat diversity. The slope of the species-area curve is low compared with most other studies of fish species richness in lakes, and the intercept value is high. This is interpreted as the result of high habitat and food diversity, lack of stress from abiotic factors, and the small regional species pool from which these lakes can be colonized. Two species inventories, one from the beginning of this century and one from the 1950s, are available for comparison. Average species richness did not change during the last decades. Species turnover rates were not related to the degree of anthropogenic eutrophication or to the intensity of fishery exploitation in these lakes. On the species level, however, one effect of accelerated eutrophication is apparent, the disappearance of 4 bottom-living species from one to 6 of the study lakes.     

灵山岛浅海岩礁区刺参增殖放流研究

１９９１－１９９２年在灵山岛西侧海区进行了刺参增殖放流试验。结果表明，笼播参苗在自然海区比较安全，参苗存活率为１０％左右。撒播参苗因短期内较骓适应自然海况，易被海流带走等多种因素，参苗存活率甚低。